In some communities in Uganda, women aren’t supposed to work with pigs. This stems from restrictive social and gender norms, some of which are rooted in culture and religious beliefs.
Until recently, eating pork was associated with drunkards because the meat was typically served alongside home-brewed alcohol in local bars. That’s changing, as “pork joints” become popular everyday eating places. What’s more, pigs are unfairly thought of as dirty and therefore some people think the people who work with them must be dirty too. Women, in particular, according to prevailing social norms, are meant to keep themselves clean.
The pig sector is growing rapidly in East Africa on the back of rising demand. Uganda is one of the three top pork producers in Africa, after Nigeria and Malawi. The country also has the highest per capita consumption of pork in the region, estimated at 3.4 kilograms per person per year.
This has led to job opportunities in pig farming, trading, butcheries, food stalls, artificial insemination, and feed and veterinary supply shops.
Facing gender stereotypes
Across Africa, social and gender norms determine whether a woman can work, what kind of work she can do, where she can work, with which animals, and how much she gets paid.
This is the case in Uganda. In some parts of central Uganda, while the management and cleanliness of piggeries have improved, resulting in better perceptions about pig hygiene, lingering prejudices have meant women working in the pig industry have little bargaining power and lower incomes, and may feel pressured to work covertly. All this results in missed opportunities for women to develop professional skills and support their families, and reduced food safety for everyone.
In 2022/2023, we conducted a study in two districts to understand how local gender norms affected women in the pig farming sector. The findings revealed that women faced restrictions in conducting artificial insemination, castrating animals, taking sows to boars for mating, and transporting pigs on motorcycles.
Additionally, certain activities, including slaughtering, trading livestock, producing feed, and owning large farms, were deemed inappropriate for women.
We also found systemic barriers, such as lower wages, lack of control over income, restricted physical mobility, and exclusion from influential networks, that blocked them from fully reaping the benefits of the sector.
These findings led us to launch a range of interventions in the districts. Working with the international NGO Ripple Effect, my team at the International Livestock Research Institute and I trialled a range of interventions in Uganda’s Masaka and Mukono districts.
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The results, evaluated a year later in December 2025, showed that social norms can be both accommodated and transformed for the benefit of all. For example, radio shows and conversations challenged widely held sentiments and sought to normalise roles that were taboo for women – such as providing pig insemination services to other farmers and contributing to a growing pig sector.
Doing things differently
We worked with pig farmers, business people, regulators and community members in five different communities to address the restrictive norms that prevented women from engaging in pig businesses. The work was carried out in Masaka district (south-west of Kampala) and Mukono district (east of the capital).
The interventions we put in place included:
- providing women farmers with weigh-bands to estimate live pig weights and make sure they weren’t being cheated
- offering training for women farmers to help them negotiate better prices and animal services
- providing branded lab coats and badges to certified professionals to help combat the lack of respect for women in technical roles like artificial insemination
- providing aprons, head wraps and boots to women working in slaughterhouses and butcher shops, so they would not be seen wearing dirty clothes.
These interventions provided solutions to accommodate existing norms without directly challenging them.
We also trialled some interventions aimed at transforming gender norms. We organised broadcasts on local radio talk shows, featuring a panel discussion between gender officers from Ripple Effect, community leaders and local men who explained why they supported their wives and daughters to work in the pig industry.
For instance, in one broadcast, one local leader shared his family’s story:
My wife rears pigs in large numbers, and I help her look for markets. When I travel, I bring her feeds for them. A home without money is unhappy. Piggery projects are family enterprises. When a woman earns an income, her husband is relieved financially; an empowered woman is a responsible woman.
We also held large community meetings and used recordings from these shows to spark dialogue about these issues.
The changes
Over a year, we observed changes.
Women butchers, farmers and artificial insemination agents felt more confident and accepted, and their services were sought after, especially by other women.
They were able to negotiate higher prices for their pigs. They invested their savings in their piggeries; some were able to use the profits to buy their own land and build houses.
There has been movement towards policy changes, too. Traditionally, pigs have had to be killed in official slaughterhouses, male-dominated spaces. Women did not feel welcome there, and men felt women would not be able to cope with the practical act of slaughter.
After our work in the sector, including inspection officials, authorities are now allowing some women to slaughter their pigs at home.
Lessons
Norms are powerful. Any efforts to improve livelihoods, boost community health, or grow a particular industry will be shaped by these norms. Ignoring them is a recipe for failure, while understanding them – and, where appropriate, moving beyond them – can benefit a whole community.
To transform restrictive norms, both men and women must be included in dialogues that encourage critical curiosity about their impacts. Religious, political and community leaders – people who often enforce these unwritten rules – must also be part of the conversations and solutions.
Radio talk shows and social media can showcase women successfully performing traditionally masculine tasks and supportive men, to normalise new behaviours and reduce shaming. And something as simple as professional clothing can send a signal that women are competent – and clean.
Gender norms can change, and these social changes can have practical and economic effects. Livestock development, as we have seen in Uganda’s pig industry, can be an entry point to promote gender equality.
At the same time, removing barriers to women’s participation can boost families’ incomes, bolster rural industries and alleviate poverty.
Challenge norms, empower women, and everyone benefits.
- This story was first published on The Conversation. It was written by Esther Leah Achandi, a post-doctoral fellow at the Gender, International Livestock Research Institute. The views and opinions expressed in this article are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views or positions of Food For Mzansi.
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