Ikhofi yisitshalo sase-Afrika, imvelaphi yalo ise-Ethiopia. Izinkampani ezinkulu ezihweba nezidayisa ikhofi emhlabeni sekuvame ukuthi kube ngezaseBrazil, eVietnam naseColumbia kodwa ikhofi linesandla esikhulu emnothweni waseMalawi, e-Ethiopia, eZamnbia, eKenya naes-Ivory Coast ngokusho kwe-Agricultural Research Council (i-ARC).
“INingizimu Afrika ayithathwa njengezwe ‘elikhiqiza ikhofi’,” kusho uMnuz Dylan Cumming, owumlimi, iroaster nebarista futhi oyisikhulu esiphezulu Beaver Creek. “Ngoba amahekthare omhlaba olinywayo mancane kakhulu.”
Kodwa ukholwa ukuthi iNingizimu Afrika inethuba lokuba ngelinye lamazwe ahamba phambili kwakhiqiza ikhofi emhlabeni njengoba ethi inesimo sezulu esihle futhi bavele abantu bakujwayele ukulima nezingadi.
IBeaver Creek ipulazi lekhofi eliphethwe ngumndeni elisoGwini oluseNingizimu yeKwaZulu-Natali. IBeaver Creek Coffee Estate and Company inamahekthare angu-60,000 ezihlala zekhofi ezaziqale zizine eminyakeni ewu-37 edlule ngesikhathi umndeni wakwaCumming uyeka ukutshala ubhanana, ushintshela ekhofini.
“Bayanda abantu abafuna ikhofi lekhethelo,” kusho uCumming. “Abantu bafuna ikhofi elihlukile futhi abaziyo ukuthi litshalwe kuphi.” , specialty coffee,” says Cumming. “People are looking for coffee that is distinct in its character and that they know exactly where it is grown.”
Izibalo zeRainforest Alliance zitshengisa ukuthi ikhofi yiyonanto embiwa phansi yesibili edayiswa kakhulu emhlabeni ilandela uwoyela ongahluziwe. Imboni yekhofi e-Afrika ingenia u$1 billion ngonyaka.
Njengoba naseNingizimu Afrika banda abantu abathanda ikhofi elimnandi, kwazi bani mhlawumbe ungaba wumlimi wekhofi omkhulu olandelayo eMzansi. Funda nazi izinto eziwu-10 ongazilandela ukuze uqale ipulazi lekhofi eNingizimu Afrika.
FUNDA FUTHI: I-coffee roaster esancane ihlela ukufukula abalimi abasafufusa eMzansi nase-Afrika
1. Khetha uhlobo lwekhofi ozolutshala
Ngokusho kwe-The Spruce, zingaphezu kuka-120 izinhlobo zezitshalo zamakhofi ezikhona, iCoffea arabica (Arabica) neCoffea Canephora (Robusta) yizona ezikhiqizwa neziphuzwa kakhulu emhlabeni.
I-Arabica neRobusta, njengazo zonke ezinye izinhlobo zezitshalo zekhofi nazo zihlukene kaningi ngokwendlela ezinambitheka ngayo, icaffine ezinayo nendlela ezithakwe ngayo.
Umndeni wakwaCumming utshale kakhulu iCoffea Arabica, kodwa banayo indawo lapho bake bazame khona iCoffea Canephora (iRobusta) noCoffea Racemosa (iWild Coffee).
“Sinezitshalo ezine zohlobo lwe-Arabica, iSL28, iCatuai, iCatimor F6 neBatian,” kusho uCumming. “Zonke zinezinto zazo uma kuziwa ekumelaneni nezifo, isomiso nanendlela okuba yikhofi elinohlonze ngayo. Kule minyaka engaphezu kwewu-35 esinayo (sitshala ikhofi) sikholwa ukuthi indawo yethu ilungele i-Arabica neRobusta. Lena ngenye yezindawo ezinhle zokutshala ikhofi emhlabeni.”
The Cumming family plants predominantly Coffea Arabica, but they also have some trial fields of Coffea Canephora (Robusta) and Coffea Racemosa (Wild Coffee).
“Sinezitshalo ezine zohlobo lwe-Arabica, iSL28, iCatuai, iCatimor F6 neBatian,” kusho uCumming. “Zonke zinezinto zazo uma kuziwa ekumelaneni nezifo, isomiso nanendlela okuba yikhofi elinohlonze ngayo. Kule minyaka engaphezu kwewu-35 esinayo (sitshala ikhofi) sikholwa ukuthi indawo yethu ilungele i-Arabica neRobusta. Lena ngenye yezindawo ezinhle zokutshala ikhofi emhlabeni.”
Ukukhetha phakathi kwe-Arabica neRobusta kuncike ekutheni iyiphi imakethe ofisa ukungena kuyo. I-Arabica inamaphunga nezinhlobo ezimnandi kodwa kunzima futhi kuyabiza ukuyitshala. IRobusta ine-caffeine eningi futhi ayimnandi ngaleyondlela futhi isetshenziswa kakhulu kwi-instant coffee futhi kulula ukuyitshala.
I-Arabica
I-Arabica itshalwe emapulazini ambalwa eNingizimu Afrika futhi ikhonziwe kanti ikhofi osekuphele amakhulu eminyaka laqala ukutshalwa. Ngokusho kweFarming Portal, ingxenye enkulu yomkhiqizo wekhofi emhlabeni i-Arabica.
I-Arabica ine-caffeine encane kuneRobusta futhi kukholwa ukuthi kunzima ukuyitshala (ngoba kulula ukuthi ingenwe izifo futhi iyazwela uma umhlabathi ungamuhle kahle). Kuyabiza futhi ukutshala i-Arabica.
Njengamanje i-Arabica iyona nhlobo yekhofi edayiswa kakhulu emhlabeni. Kwenzeka kanjani lokhu ekubeni kulikhuni ukuyitshala?
Kuyavunyelwana ngokuthi i-Arabica iyona emnandi ukudlula iRobusta futhi inezinhlobo zekhethelo. Njengoba sikhuphuka isibalo samakhofi ekhethelo nendlela abantu abaliphuza ngayo, i-Arabica inambitheka ngendlela emangalisayo futhi ukuyiphuza kuhluke kakhulu.
I-Robusta
I-Lifestyle South Africa yathi iRobusta ifana nengane enganakwa nengakhathalelwa emndenini wekhofi – inhlobo engakhonziwe kangako. Lolu hlobo lwekhofi ludabuka eLiberia, eTanzania naseNyakatho ye-Angola. IRobusta isetshenziswa kakhulu ekukhiqizeni i-instant coffee, ayizweli kakhulu futhi ihlala isikhathi eside emashalofini.
Njengoba sekuke kwashiwo, kulula ukutshala iRobusta kune-Arabica futhi ayizweli kakhulu ezinambuzaneni kanjalo nasesimweni sezulu. IRobusta iyakhula ngisho ezindaweni ezishisayo kune-Arabica futhi ikhiqiza izitshalo ezingcono kune-Arabica, ngokusho kweFarming Portal.
Ngenxa yokuthi ine-caffeine eningi (icishe iphindaphindwe kabili kuneye-Arabica), iRobusta isetshenziswa kakhulu kuma-blend. Kulula ukutshala iRobusta. Kodwa ngenxa yokuthi iyababa, ishibhile. Lesi isitshalo esisetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza i-instant coffee elidayiswa ezitolo zokudla.
2. Isimo sezulu
“Into yokuqala okufanele uyenze uma uzotshala ikhofi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi indawo ozotshala kuyo inesimo sezulu esukulungele lokho,” kweluleka uCumming.
Indawo ekulunguele kahle ukutshala ikhofi kuyo yindawo enesimo sezulu esivame ukushisa, ethi ayibe izintaba, enamanzi amaningi namapayipi okuwathutha kahle, eshisayo, epholile futhi ethi ayibe nenhlabathi ene-acid.
Ngokusho kwe-ARC, ikhofi lingatshalwa ezifundazweni ezimbalwa eNingizimu Afrika kanti njengamanje litshalwe eMpumalanga, eLimpopo, eMpumalanga Kapa naKwaZulu-Natali (eKZN)
E-KZN ngenye yezindawo ezinhle kakhulu emhlabeni ongatshala kuzo ikhofi, ngokusho kukaCumming. Lokhu kungenxa yesimo sezulu nolwandle okwenza le ndawo ibe ngenye yezindawo ezihamba phambili ekukhiqizeni ikhofi emhlabeni.
3. Inhlabathi
Ngokusho kweReal Good Coffee Co. inhlabathi yakho kufanele ibe evundile futhi ibe nomsoco ukuze izimpande zizongena zijule kuyo. Kufanele futhi uqikelele ukuthi izitshalo zakho zinamapayipi acwenga kahle amanzi. Kufanele inhlabathi ikwazi ukukhipha kahle amanzi ngakho uma iwubumba, ngeke kutshaleke kahle.
Faka isihlabathi, iperlite, ivermiculite noma igravel basalt enhlabathini ewubumba ukuze ithambe futhi ivuleke okuzokwenza icwenge amanzi kalula.
Inhlabathi eyisihlabathi izodinga umanyolo omningi ukuze kwandiswe ukuba nomsoco kwayo. Izihlahla zekhofi ziyawuthanda futhi umhlabathi one-acid. Inhlabathi enezinga le-pH ecela kweyisithupha yiyona elungile. Ngokusho kweLifestyle South Africa, ungaba nenhlabathi ene-acid ngokufaka ama-coffee grinds noma yimuphi umanyolo one-ammonium nitrate noma i-ammonium sulfate. I-ammonia yisithako esihle kanti kuwumqondo omuhle ukwengeza i-iron sulphate enhlabathini ewubumba.
4. Ukutshala
UCumming uthi kuthatha isikhathi ukukhiqiza ikhofi.
E-Beaver Creek baqala ukuqoqa izitshalo phakathi kukaFebhuwari no-Okthoba kanti baqala ukudayisa uma ikhofi seliqedile zonke izigaba okufanele lidlule kuzo njengokulivubela, ukulikhama nokulihlunga kahle.
Ngokusho kweSpruce, kuhle ukuqala ukutshala isihlahla sekhofi uma kuqala intwasahlobo. Nakuba izihlahla zekhofi zikhula ngamandla kodwa kuthatha iminyaka ngaphambi kokuthi izitshalo zakho zikhiqize izimbali okugcina sekuyizithelo.
Kungathatha iminyaka ephakathi kwemithathu neyisishiyagalombili ngahambi kokuthi kuvele ama-cherrie esihlahleni sakho. Lesi yisona sizathu esikhulu sokuthenga isihlahla esesikhulile kunembewu. Isikhathi osilindayo ngaphambi kokuthi ukwazi ukuliphuza ikhofi uma uzoliqala liyimbewu side kakhulu.
Izimbali ze-Arabica ziqala ukuvela entwasahlobo ngezimbali ezincane ezimhlophe bese zithela ama-berrie agcina eseshintshe umbala esuka koluhlaza agcina esemnyama. Zonke lezi zithelo zinezinhlamvu ezimbili ogcina uvubele ngazo ikhofi.
FUNDA FUTHI: USiki uletha isiko lokuphuza ikhofi eKasi
5. Ukufaka umanyolo
Izitshalo zekhofi zingezinye zalezo ezitshalwe ezindaweni ezishisayo ezidinga umsoco nomanyolo omningi. Inhlobo nesikali sikamanyolo kuyahluka kuye nokuthi inhlabathi otshala kuyo ivunde kangakanani, isimo sezulu, ukuthi isihlahla esingakanani, amanani nokuthi yimuphi otholakalayo.
Ngokusho kwePerfect Daily Grind izihlahla zekhofi zidinga i-nitrogen ne-phosphorus kanjalo namazinga athe xaxa e-potassium ne-magnesium ngesikhathi isihlahla sikhiqiza izimbali.
Umanyolo kufanele ufakwe emva kwamasonto amane kuya kwayisishiyagalombili kutshaliwe nanjalo emva kwezinyangana emva kwalokho. I-nitrogen ibalulekile ukukhulisa isihlahla nokunqanda ukuwa kwamaqabunga kanti ukushoda kwayo kungaphazamisa indlela isihlahla esikhula ngayo. I-potassium, i-zinc ne-boron ezinye zezinto eziwukhiye ekukhiqizeni ikhofi.
I-zinc kufanele ifakwe njalo ngonyaka. I-boron iyadingeka ukuze ihlukanise kahle izihlahla futhi ingafakwa ekuqaleni nangasekupheleni kwesikhathi sokuthi izihlahla zithele.
6. Ukuvuna
Umnyango wezolimo, ukubuyiswa komhlaba nokuthuthukisa izindawo zasemakhaya unemigomo oyibekile yokukhiqiza nokuvuna ikhofi. Ngokusho kwayo, zimbili izindlela zokuvuna ikhofi: ungasisiphula sonke isihlahla noma ukhethe ama-berrie ambalwa.
Uma usisuphula sonke isihlahla, ungakwenza lokho ngesandla noma ngomshini kodwa uma uvuna ngokukhetha ama-berrie athile kuphela, kufanele ukwenze ngesandla kuphela. Le ndlela yokusiphula sonke isihlahla ikhipha yonke into, okuvuthiwe nokuluhlaza.
Le ndlela yesibili yokukhetha ngesandla yona ikhetha ama-berrie avuthiwe kuphela, ayasala lawa aluhlaza esihlahleni. Le ndlela ithatha isikhathi eside kodwa kuyasiza ngoba nalwa aluhlaza ama-berrie agcina evuthiwe okunyusa umkhiqizo wakho.
I-Agribook ithi imvamisa ukukha ama-berrie kusenziwa ngesandla. Kodwa sekuyaqala kancane nakukona ukuthi kuvunwe ngemishini kwezinye izindawo, ikwazi ukwenza umsebenzi wezisebenzi eziwu-150, kodwa awukakakwazi ukukhetha ngesandla njengabantu futhi awwenzi ngobunyonico.
Ukuvuna kudinga isineke ngoba ukushesha ukhe ama-cherrie noma ukuphuza ukuwakha kungashintsha indlela ikhofi elinambitheka ngayo noma kube nezinto ezingezinhle ezivelayo okungakuxoshela amakhasimende.
Ukuvuna kuwumsebenzi omkhulu ngale ndlela futhi kudinga izisebenzi eziningi kangangokuthi enye yezinto eyimbangela yezisebenzi eziningi uma kukhiqizwa ikhofi.
7. Processing
Uma selivuniwe ikhofi, kufanele ligaywe masinyane singaze sonakale isithelo. Ikhofi ligaywa ngezindlela ezimbili, okuya ngendawo nangezinsizakusebenza, ilena yokulomisa noma ngendlela yokulimanzisa.
Indlela yokulomisa
Lena iyona ndlela endala kunazo zonke. Lokhu kusho ukuthatha isithelo sekhofi usibeke elangeni some. Ngokusho kweBlackout Coffee, e-Ethiopia, e-India naseKenya, kuvele kuthathwe isithelo sibekwe phezu kwendangu phansi some. EColombia, eBrazil naseCosta Rica, ziyathathwa izithelo zibekwe emabhilidini akhiwe ngama-glass.
Le ndlela ikhiqiza ikhofi elibabayo futhi elifanele izindawo ezomile. Izithelo ezingalungile kufanele zisuswe ngesandla.
Indlela yokulimanzisa
Izithelo ezisuke zisanda kuvunwa zifakwe emshinini oyisigayo ohluba amakhasi ngaphambi kokuthi zimanziswe.
Uma zimanziswa kusho ukuthi ama-cherrie ekhofi ayantanta emanzini kanti lezo zithelo ezingalungile ziyacwila okwenza zikhishwe kalula. Emva kokuhlukanisa izithelo ezinhle nezimbi, lezo ezisele ziyiswa emathangini lapho zivutshelwa khona. Kuya nokuthi indawo enjani kodwa lokhu kungathatha amahora aphakathi kwawu-12 nawu-48, ngokusho kweBlackout Coffee.
Uma selivutshelwe, izinhlamvu ziba mahhadlahhadla. Emva kwalokho sezingomiswa nazo elangeni. Uma seziqala ukuvuthuka, zisuke sezome ngokwanele.
8. Ukuklelisa nokuhlunga
Kuthatha isikhathi ukukhiqiza ikhofi elinohlonze ngoba kukhethwa kuphela lezo zinhlavu ezifanele ezigcina zisetshenziswa.
I-Coffee Magazine ithi indlela okukleliswa futhi kuhlungwe ngayo incike esisindweni, kumbala nakwezinye izinto okungenzeka ukuthi azizinhle. Kunohlelo olulandelwayo lokuhlunga ezisindayo nezilula. Ezisele lapho zihlungwa ngesandla ukuqinisekisa ukuthi kudayiswa ezinohlonze kuphela. Ezingalungile (okungaba isikali esingalungile, umbala ongemuhle, ezivutshelwe kakhulu, ezimoshwe izinambuzane) ziyasuswa.
9. Indlela elinambitheka ngayo
Njengoba sekuke kwashiwo, ikhofi lihlolwa kaningi ukuthi linohlonze kangakanani nokuthi linambitheka kanjani. Ukuhlola indlela ikhofi elinambitheka ngayo kubizwa ngokuthi i-cupping, ngokusho kwe-National Coffee Association.
Onambithayo nobizwa nge-cupper uhlola izinhlavu kuqala ngendlela ezibukeka ngayo bese kuba yiphunga. Emva kokuhlanganiswa namanzi abilayo, i-cupper ithela ikhofi ilinambithe ngaphambi kokuliphimisela.
Ungoti wokunambitha ikhofi anganambitha izinhlobo ngezinhlobo zekhofi ngosuku futhi akwazi ukuzwa umehluko phakathi kwawo.
10. Market
Kuthiwa ukutshala ikhofi nokudayisela amanye amazwe izinhlamvu zingagayiwe akwenzeki kahle eMzansi ngenxa yokuthi isitshalo esidinga izisebenzi eziningi.
Kuthatha isikhathi ukukhiqiza ikhofi elinohlonze ngoba kukhethwa kuphela lezo zinhlavu ezifanele ezigcina zisetshenziswa. Linambithwa umuntu okuqeqeshelwe lokhu obizwa nge- ‘cupper’. Isithombe: iBeaver Creek
Kodwa lokho sekuyashintsha njengoba le mboni ekhiqiza umkhiqizo ongomunye waleyo ebalulekile emhlabeni, kuwumkhakha ongathuthuka futhi ongavula amathuba emisebenzi.
EMzansi elinye lamazwe lapho ikhofi lingatshalwa khona futhi likhule ngaphandle kokufakwa amakhemikhali okungavula imboni enhle. Ngokusho kwe-Agribook, amanye amazwe akhiqiza ikhofi anenqwaba yezinambuzane ezihluphayo nezifo, into engahluphi kangako lapha kithina.
Indlela okubhekwe ukuthi kukhule ngayo ukuphuzwa kwekhofi emhlabeni iyithuba elihle kwiNingizimu Afrika lokuthi inyuse umkhiqizo wekhofi ukuze nayo ihlomule kulokhu.
“Sikholwa ukuthi kunethuba elihle lokutshala ikhofi eNingizimu Afrika,” kusho uCumming exoxa neForbes Africa. “Kusukela konehekhtare elilodwa, umndeni owodwa kuya kwabanamapulazi amakhulu. Sifisa ukusiza nokugqugquzela abatshalayo ukuze bafeze leli phupho.”
Uphinde wathi izinhlangano ezifana neSpecialty Coffee Association of Southern Africa, i-African Fine Coffees Association ne-East African Fine Coffees Association nazo zibamba iqhaza ekuthuthukiseni imboni. Benza kube lula kulabo abangenayo embonini nasemakhasimendeni uqobo futhi bakhuthaza uthando kulabo asebevele basembonini.
“Nakuba kungenzeka kube khona lokho kudidizela embonini ngaleso sikhathi, indlela izinto ezihamba ngayo yinhle futhi kuningi okufanele i-Afrika ikulangazelele uma kukhulunywa ngekhofi elihle,” kusho uCumming.
FUNDA FUTHI: Ibhizinisi le-coffee roaster likhuliswa uthando
