The government has bought nearly four million hectares of farmland and spent at least R58 billion to compensate or restore ownership to black communities dispossessed of their ancestral property during colonisation.
Yet, nearly three decades after the formal land claims process began in 1996, many of these projects are floundering or have collapsed, raising questions about the extent to which the billions of rands of state expenditure has benefited the claimant communities.
It has also raised broader concerns about the impacts on national food security, rural jobs, animal disease control and South Africa’s agricultural economy.
In August, Daily Maverick visited land reform and restitution projects in Ixopo and Umzimkhulu, southern KwaZulu-Natal, including two former commercial farms where the land now lies mostly fallow, with little evidence that the claimant communities are reaping any significant level of benefit.
These two examples mirror other land restitution ventures that have failed or delivered very little — for a variety of reasons.
Daily Maverick sent a detailed list of questions to the Department of Agriculture, Land Reform and Rural Development on 14 August about the land reform process in Ixopo, mainly focused on the visible failure of two land restitution projects at Dawn Valley and Ponderosa farms. The department has not yet responded.
At Dawn Valley Farm in Ixopo (a 2,140-hectare vegetable farm and game ranch purchased by the government in 2008 for R12.8 million) there was little evidence of significant crop cultivation. Instead, large parts of this farm are reverting to indigenous thorn bush. A nearby game lodge has been burnt to the ground and most of the large antelope and other wildlife species have been hunted out.
There is a similar situation at the adjoining Ponderosa Farm (a 770ha former commercial dairy and crop farm purchased by the government in 2008 for R8-million). While small patches of cabbages are still being grown, the milking sheds, main farmhouse and other buildings have been demolished and most of the former cropland area lies unused.
Highlands Farm
Further south, in Madakweni near Umzimkhulu, another 1 500ha of land at the old Highlands Farm is mostly unused. The land was expropriated in 1967 from farmer Rowland Strachan for inclusion in the former Transkei homeland and later fell under the control of the Eastern Cape for more than a decade before being reincorporated into KwaZulu-Natal.
After 2006, a maize milling factory was built on the land with government funding, but residents reported that it was used only for a few months because insufficient maize volumes were being produced on this former commercial farm.
Thereafter, steel components from the milling equipment, silos and roofing were removed and sold as scrap metal. Today, the only evidence of this expensive state-funded milling facility is an abandoned concrete slab with remnants of the steel supporting pillars chopped off at ground level.
Dougie Strachan, whose father used to own the farm, acknowledges that this area was not part of the land reform project that began in 1996.
Nevertheless, he laments, former farmworkers and residents of Madakweni appear to have derived few lasting benefits, either from the initial expropriation or subsequent government initiatives to return the land to productivity.
“This is probably the oldest land reform project in South Africa, but the people have got nothing out of it,” said Strachan as he surveyed the extensive and fertile land.
While families at Madakweni have each been allocated plots of land of about 4ha, Strachan noted that residents did not have tractors or the financial wherewithal to cultivate the land properly. Nor was there a willingness to consolidate small individual parcels of land into larger units for more viable commercial-scale operations.
Dawn Valley Farm
At Dawn Valley Farm near Ixopo, we spoke to several women, who expressed dismay or confusion about the future of the project.
They reported that a “new farmer” had arrived to manage the land in 2008, but remained for only a short period.
Xolile Mhlongo, who grew up in the area, said: “Nothing is happening on this piece of land. We don’t use it now because we don’t have tools to farm, like tractors, or seeds and fertilisers. Now there are three guys who are keeping watch on the farm, living in the farmhouse.
“[Earlier], there were four guys who were selected and told us we would be partners,” said Mhlongo.
The women, employed as short-term contract workers to cut down alien plants, said they received monthly stipends of R1 000 and were among the few residents currently working.
Another resident, Thobekile Mvemve, hoped that the farm could be returned to productivity to provide more job opportunities.
“We don’t have jobs. Even this R1 000 is used on school transport for our children. That takes up around R500 because the school is very far. Ever since the old farmer left we have hoped the farm would work again,” said Mvemve.
Another Dawn Valley resident, who asked to not be named, said the community thought they would receive R9 million, a figure that was typed in documents they saw. But closer to the time of receiving the money in around 2015, that amount was “scratched out and written as R6 million with a pen.
“We received R3 million, which was the first payment of two. When half of that had been spent, the community said they are not happy with the committee. The committee went to the Maritzburg High Court to say they can continue handling the farm [and that] they are handling the money well. I can say the community was working together with Land Affairs.”
‘People could not agree’
He said the committee spent the R3 million on building a bridge, fixing tractor engines and buying fertiliser, seed and farming equipment.
“Vegetables were planted, and the farm was working a bit, but what made it fail is people couldn’t agree on what to do with the farm at the time. There was no understanding of where the money went, that’s why the community went to the high court,” he said.
“Now that everyone is seeing the poverty, the committee and community are in one voice saying the second tranche payment should come through so that we can work.”
He said a lawyer from the Department of Land Affairs came in 2020 to check where the money was spent but never reported back.
“We don’t know whether they will come back to give the second payment, or this is over.”
The resident said the court case was never concluded because the community was unable to pay a lawyer who had agreed to represent them.
“I will not share my name because people have killed each other too much because of these farms,” he said.
Ponderosa Farm
A community member from the adjacent Ponderosa Farm, Sifiso Mbhele, said the farm was leased to land claimants more than 10 years ago, but no government funding support had been received. He said the community had also received no official communication from the Department of Land Affairs since around 2020.
“The problem is that just when we think we are getting somewhere with a person from Land Affairs, another comes much later and we start all over,” said Mbhele.
“We would love for the farm to work because a lot of people in the community are unemployed. Job opportunities are few around here.”
Another concern was that the land was now being “invaded” by people from outside the community.
Dawn Valley
Former KZN premier Zweli Mkhize singled out Dawn Valley in 2011 as one of the new government-backed farming projects that could boost job creation in rural areas and increase the province’s ability to export fresh produce via the Dube Trade Port.
But that’s not how things worked out, said Don Govender, a business consultant and founder of the eManzimtoti-based Lindon Corporation. Govender was appointed managing director of the “turnaround and recapitalisation” project at Dawn Valley in late 2007.
He said that when his company bailed out of the project at the end of 2013, sharp divisions had emerged among the 120 members of the farm’s communal property association (CPA), which represented local land claimants and farm tenants and held a 49% stake in a joint venture company known as Able Wise (trading as KZN Farm Estates).
Although the farm remained under the ownership of the Department of Land Affairs, the land was leased from the CPA by KZN Farm Estates, made up of three shareholders, each with a 33.3% stake (Lindon Corporation and local entrepreneurs Griffith Radebe and Thulasizwe Kubheka).
Radebe served as farm manager and Kubheka as commercial and marketing director.
Govender said he understood that departmental policy was that land restitution farms would be leased to claimants until certain conditions were met, such as claimants being able to farm productively and consistently.
Historically, the farm had produced high yields of good quality potatoes for customers such as Simba. It was also suitable for growing butternut, cabbage, tomato and sweet peppers.
“Dawn Valley was approximately 2 000 hectares, with 200 hectares of relatively flat land with deep soils in the valley suitable for crop production. The remainder (rocky, hilly ground) was untillable and was used for game ranching and hunting.”
By the time Lindon arrived on the farm, said Govender, many of the animals had been poached or escaped through broken fences and open gates.
The farm was “unproductive, unequipped and the fields had been lying fallow for about six to seven years.
“The farm needed a robust production plan, pumps, irrigation systems, tractors, ploughs, delivery vehicles, firebreaks and fences mended.
“Based on the understanding that the [department] would follow through with some of the statutory grant support and that the farm could be a productive potato farm, Lindon made a decision to invest equity into the project under certain conditions, one of which was to have proper governance and shareholding structures to protect the interests of shareholders and the CPA.”
Lindon invested about R1 million into the project, which included buying farm equipment, seeds and fertiliser and paying the salaries of farm workers and management.
“During Lindon’s involvement, we cultivated over 40 hectares of farmland with superior quality butternut, cabbage, peppers and tomato, which were supplied to Farmwise [a fresh produce distribution centre], to [Spar supermarkets], the Durban Fresh Produce Market and the Farmers Retail Market.
“During our tenure and at peak production, the farm employed over 25 people permanently, excluding the farm manager and members of the executive.”
The company secured R14 million in principal funding from the National Empowerment Fund (NEF) to develop a potato farm and buy processing equipment.
The wheels started to fall off when the proposed funding was not accepted by the CPA, apparently based on the recommendations of the Department of Land Affairs. Later, the CPA decided that it would not extend the lease with Lindon and its partners, and no alternative funding materialised.
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Decisions not honoured
“The CPA trustees and CPA representatives on the Dawn Valley board changed frequently and decisions made by one set of CPA representatives were turned around or not honoured by the next set of trustees. CPA members that had left the farm reappeared as the project gained traction and showed success.”
There had also been “indiscriminate poaching of wild animals, often by members of the CPA”.
“Given the short tenure that the Dawn Valley Farms enterprise operated for, there were no profits declared. However, income from the operations was used to recapitalise the business, cover salaries, buy seedlings and cover other operating costs of the farm.”
Why did Lindon and its partners decide to leave?
According to Govender, the plan was to turn the farm into a productive and well-managed vegetable and potato farm, with tourism, hunting, outdoor events and conferencing as an ancillary business.
“When funding was secured after much effort to build such an enterprise, which was then refused by the CPA/department, who then did not follow through with an equivalent funding or an extended lease agreement, Dawn Valley Farms Pty Ltd made a decision to pull out.
“The attitude of some members of the CPA to an external investor/management also did not engender much confidence amongst us as investors.”
Govender said he was not aware of any legal proceedings against any parties, noting that Lindon suffered the largest financial losses as it was not able to recoup its investments because the lease was terminated and the NEF funding proposal was rejected by the CPA.
“Restitution projects need good production plans, funding that flows quickly, technical support, productive labourers and a responsible CPA that has the farm’s best interest in mind at all times. If these essential requirements are not met, projects are bound to fail. Farms need to be safe for farm managers, patrons and their families.
“Dealing with many voices within CPAs, coupled with limited understanding of business, finances and markets, is also challenging.”
Lessons from the project
In Govender’s view, farms need to be purchased as productive enterprises with their financial and market track records intact.
“Farms need to be bought from experienced farmers with a condition that the farmer must remain and farm the land together with the beneficiaries and maintain production figures and customer orders until the beneficiaries have the technical expertise and marketing acumen to take over all aspects of the farming business.”
Rory Bryden, a dairy farmer from Kokstad who has been offering his experience and expertise to assist land claimant beneficiaries at a nearby farm, noted that commercial farmers could secure funding by bonding their farms.
However, where land claimants did not receive title deed ownership they were not able to raise the substantial capital needed to run a commercial farm.
He said the most viable option was for land claimants to enter into joint ventures with commercial farmers to lease land for five to 10 years, while community members gained the necessary skills to manage farms commercially.
Sadly, he noted, not all land claimant communities were amenable to such mentorship and leasing proposals.
This article was first published by Daily Maverick.
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